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Is it good not to talk about taboos?
" Which formerly deviant behaviours are no longer considered as deviant by
people?
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" Do you know anybody whom the deviant behaviours mentioned in the text di-
rectly concern?
" What are the reasons for family pathologies in Poland? Is there anything that
could be done to reduce them? What future consequences may there be for a
child brought up in a pathological family?
Exercise 3: Find word in the text which match the following definitions:
1)& & & & & & & & .. to say very strongly that you do not approve of something,
especially because it is morally wrong.
2)& & & & & & & & .. drugs that can be obtained without a prescription from a
doctor.
3)& & & & & & & & .. the custom or practice of having more than one husband
or wife at the same time.
4)& & & & & & & & .. the state of being mentally and physically dependent on
doing something regularly.
5)& & & & & & & & .. the painful and unpleasant effects caused by giving up
taking drugs or drinking alcohol.
6)& & & & & & & & .. such a disease is developing gradually over a period of
time.
7)& & & & & & & & .. a strong need, or compulsion to do something.
8)& & & & & & & & .. not allowed by laws or rules, or strongly disapproved of by
society.
9)& & & & & & & & .. an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle.
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Polish:
1. Deviance is a label applied to some people in particular circumstances.
2. Deviance is culturally determined, and cultures differ both from each other and
within the same culture over time.
3. Social foundations of deviance are based on certain principles, i.e. people be-
come deviant as others define them as such, and both rule making and break-
ing involve social power.
4. Deviance as such performs certain functions, namely it clarifies moral bounda-
ries, promotes social unity, and encourages social change.
5. Abusing alcohol can have negative results, such as failure to meet major work,
school, or family responsibilities because of drinking and variety of alcohol-
related medical problems.
6. For many people drug addiction becomes chronic, with relapses possible even
after long periods of abstinence.
7. The physical signs of abuse or addiction can vary depending on the person
and the drug being abused.
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27. THE HUMAN IMMUNITY
Exercise 1: Read the text and answer the questions below:
An amazing barrier
Inside human body there is a protection mechanism called the immune system,
which is designed to defend the body against the invasion of antigens, i.e. bacteria,
microbes, viruses, toxins, and parasites. Everyone is born with innate, or natural im-
munity, a type of general protection that includes the external barriers of the body
(the skin, mucous membranes) being the first line of defense in preventing diseases
from entering the body. The second type of immunity is called adaptive, or active and
it develops throughout the life as children and adults are exposed to diseases or im-
munized against them through vaccinations. Another type, passive immunity, lasts for
a short time and these are i.e. antibodies in a mother s breast milk that provide an
infant with temporary immunity to diseases that the mother has been exposed to.
Everyone s immune system is different. As a person gets older, he or she usually
becomes immune to more germs as the immune system comes into contact with
more and more of them. Thus, adults tend to get fewer colds than children their
bodies have already learned to recognize and fight many viruses causing colds. The
immune system is remarkably effective most of the time. Sometimes, however, it
makes a mistake, which can lead to serious problems and illnesses. Disorders of the
immune system can be broken down into four main categories: immunodeficiency
disorders (when a part of the immune system is not present or is not working prop-
erly; such condition may be primary a person is born with it, or acquired through
infections, such as AIDS, or produced by drugs), autoimmune disorders (in which the
body s own immune system attacks its own organs and tissues as though they were
foreign invaders, i.e. lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes), allergic
disorders (in which the immune system overreacts in response to an antigen in the
environment, i.e. asthma, eczema), cancers of the immune system (i.e. lymphoma
which involves the lymphoid tissues or leukemia in which an abnormal overgrowth of
leukocytes takes place). The last example of an immune system mistake is the effect
it has on a foreign, transplanted tissue when it is placed inside the body. The immune
system attacks the tissue when its cells do not contain the correct identification. The
problem cannot be prevented, only diminished by careful matching the tissue donor
to the recipient and by immunosuppressing drugs. Apart from the above disorders,
there are certain factors that are believed to depress a person s immunity, i.e. loss of
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